Functional and clinical evidence for NDRG2 as a candidate suppressor of liver cancer metastasis

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Title
Functional and clinical evidence for NDRG2 as a candidate suppressor of liver cancer metastasis
Author(s)
Dong Chul Lee; Y K Kang; W H Kim; Yeo-jin Jang; Dong Joon Kim; In Young Park; Bo Hwa Sohn; Hean Am Son; Hee Gu Lee; J S Lim; Jae Wha Kim; Eun Young Song; D M Kim; M N Lee; G T Oh; Soo Jung Kim; Kyung Chan Park; Hyang Sook Yoo; J Y Choi; Young Il Yeom
Bibliographic Citation
Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 11, pp. 4210-4220
Publication Year
2008
Abstract
We searched for potential suppressors of tumor metastasis by identifying the genes that are frequently down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) while being negatively correlated with clinical parameters relevant to tumor metastasis, and we report here on the identification of N-myc downstream regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) as a promising candidate. NDRG2 expression was significantly reduced in HCC compared with nontumor or normal liver tissues [87.5% (35 of 40) and 62% (62 of 100) at RNA and protein levels, respectively]. Reduction of NDRG2 expression was intimately associated with promoter hypermethylation because its promoter region was found to carry extensively methylated CpG sites in HCC cell lines and primary tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis of NDRG2 protein in 100 HCC patient tissues indicated that NDRG2 expression loss is significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behaviors such as late tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.012), differentiation grade (P = 0.024), portal vein thrombi (P = 0.011), infiltrative growth pattern (P = 0.015), nodal/distant metastasis (P = 0.027), and recurrent tumor (P = 0.021), as well as shorter patient survival rates. Ectopically expressed NDRG2 suppressed invasion and migration of a highly invasive cell line, SK-Hep-1, and experimental tumor metastasis in vivo, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown resulted in increased invasion and migration of a weakly invasive cell line, PLC/PRF/5. In addition, NDRG2 could antagonize transforming growth factor β1-mediated tumor cell invasion by specifically down-regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and laminin 332 pathway components, with concomitant suppression of Rho GTPase activity. These results suggest that NDRG2 can inhibit extracellular matrix-based, Rho-driven tumor cell invasion and migration and thereby play important roles in suppressing tumor metastasis in HCC.
ISSN
0008-5472
Publisher
Amer Assoc Cancer Research
DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5040
Type
Article
Appears in Collections:
Division of Biomedical Research > Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center > 1. Journal Articles
Division of Biomedical Research > Immunotherapy Research Center > 1. Journal Articles
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